Valences of the Elements Chemistry Table

You may assume that the valences of the elements—the number of electrons with which an atom will bond or form—are those that can be derived by looking at the groups (columns) of the periodic table. While these are the most common valences, the real behavior of electrons is less simple. Here is a table of element valences. Remember that an elements electron cloud will become more stable by filling, emptying, or half-filling the shell. Also, shells dont stack neatly one on top of another, so dont always assume an elements valence is determined by the number of electrons in its outer shell. Table of Element Valences Number Element Valence 1 Hydrogen (-1), +1 2 Helium 0 3 Lithium +1 4 Beryllium +2 5 Boron -3, +3 6 Carbon (+2), +4 7 Nitrogen -3, -2, -1, (+1), +2, +3, +4, +5 8 Oxygen -2 9 Fluorine -1, (+1) 10 Neon 0 11 Sodium +1 12 Magnesium +2 13 Aluminum +3 14 Silicon -4, (+2), +4 15 Phosphorus -3, +1, +3, +5 16 Sulfur -2, +2, +4, +6 17 Chlorine -1, +1, (+2), +3, (+4), +5, +7 18 Argon 0 19 Potassium +1 20 Calcium +2 21 Scandium +3 22 Titanium +2, +3, +4 23 Vanadium +2, +3, +4, +5 24 Chromium +2, +3, +6 25 Manganese +2, (+3), +4, (+6), +7 26 Iron +2, +3, (+4), (+6) 27 Cobalt +2, +3, (+4) 28 Nickel (+1), +2, (+3), (+4) 29 Copper +1, +2, (+3) 30 Zinc +2 31 Gallium (+2). +3 32 Germanium -4, +2, +4 33 Arsenic -3, (+2), +3, +5 34 Selenium -2, (+2), +4, +6 35 Bromine -1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5 36 Krypton 0 37 Rubidium +1 38 Strontium +2 39 Yttrium +3 40 Zirconium (+2), (+3), +4 41 Niobium (+2), +3, (+4), +5 42 Molybdenum (+2), +3, (+4), (+5), +6 43 Technetium +6 44 Ruthenium (+2), +3, +4, (+6), (+7), +8 45 Rhodium (+2), (+3), +4, (+6) 46 Palladium +2, +4, (+6) 47 Silver +1, (+2), (+3) 48 Cadmium (+1), +2 49 Indium (+1), (+2), +3 50 Tin +2, +4 51 Antimony -3, +3, (+4), +5 52 Tellurium -2, (+2), +4, +6 53 Iodine -1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5, +7 54 Xenon 0 55 Cesium +1 56 Barium +2 57 Lanthanum +3 58 Cerium +3, +4 59 Praseodymium +3 60 Neodymium +3, +4 61 Promethium +3 62 Samarium (+2), +3 63 Europium (+2), +3 64 Gadolinium +3 65 Terbium +3, +4 66 Dysprosium +3 67 Holmium +3 68 Erbium +3 69 Thulium (+2), +3 70 Ytterbium (+2), +3 71 Lutetium +3 72 Hafnium +4 73 Tantalum (+3), (+4), +5 74 Tungsten (+2), (+3), (+4), (+5), +6 75 Rhenium (-1), (+1), +2, (+3), +4, (+5), +6, +7 76 Osmium (+2), +3, +4, +6, +8 77 Iridium (+1), (+2), +3, +4, +6 78 Platinum (+1), +2, (+3), +4, +6 79 Gold +1, (+2), +3 80 Mercury +1, +2 81 Thallium +1, (+2), +3 82 Lead +2, +4 83 Bismuth (-3), (+2), +3, (+4), (+5) 84 Polonium (-2), +2, +4, (+6) 85 Astatine ? 86 Radon 0 87 Francium ? 88 Radium +2 89 Actinium +3 90 Thorium +4 91 Protactinium +5 92 Uranium (+2), +3, +4, (+5), +6 Sources Brown, I. David. The Chemical Bond in Inorganic Chemistry: The Bond Valence Model, 2nd ed.   International Union of Crystallography. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 2016.Lange, Norbert A. Langes Handbook of Chemistry, 8th ed. Handbook Publishers, 1952.ODwyer, M.F., J.E. Kent, and R. D. Brown. Valency. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978.Smart, Lesley E. and Elaine A. Moore. Solid State Chemistry  An Introduction, 4th edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2016.

Capitalism versus Socialism - 509 Words

Capitalism is a social system based on the principle of individual rights. It is the system of laissez-faire (freedom). In regards to the legal system, capitalism embodies the rule of law as opposed to rule of man. From an economic standpoint, the free-market system exists. Socialism is common ownership. The world’s resources are owned in common by the entire global population. With Democratic control is essential in the meaning of socialism. Everyone has the right to participate in social decisions that affect them. In terms of production, everyone would have unlimited and/or free access to the goods and services designed to directly meet their required needs with no system of payment for the work that each individual would contribute to producing them. Advantages of socialism relating to social equality include a focus on reducing wealth disparities, unemployment and inflation, through price controls. Those who suffer from illnesses or are too old to work are still provided for and valued by the government. In theory, based on public benefits, socialism has the greatest goal of common wealth; since our government controls all of society’s functions, it can make a better use of resources, labors and lands. Economies can benefit from socialism, but it can also cause major problems in the economy. Socialism only becomes a popular idea when there is an increased amount of economic suffering. When things are going well in the economy, it is acceptable for others to make aShow MoreRelatedCapitalism versus Socialism1651 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism versus socialism It is much better to live in a country where difference between poor and rich is noticeable, than to know that a person will never differ from others in his or her own country. 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Human Resource Management an Experiential Approach

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management an Experiential Approach. Answer: Introduction: The title of my proposed project is Stress and Its Impacts on Employees Productivity at A. A. Turki Group. Stress is a universal element which is the major hindrances to productivity among employees. In the contemporary competitive business environment, worker productivity has emerged a vital element of an organization's success. High echelons of stress can substantially hinder the productivity of an employee he or she undergoes while in the work environment. Various parties such as employers are critically evaluating the issue of stress management deemed to be impacting on the performance of their workforces. I will, therefore, focus on conducting a study at A. A. Turki Group to investigate how this aspect has influenced individuals performance as well as the measures taken to alleviate it in this firm. The primary purpose of this study will be to evaluate stress and the impact it has on the productivity of employees at A. A. Turki Group. The study will be descriptive research tailored to evaluate stress levels and their influence on people's productivity at A. A. Turki Group. I will employ various processes and procedures to gather and analyze data. At first, both probability and non-probability sampling techniques will be used to select a portion of the employees at the Company to represent the entire population. Besides, data will be collected from both primary and secondary sources using various instruments. Primary data will be obtained mainly through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Several interrogation tactics will be utilized to acquire primary information from interviewees. Questions for this study will include both open and closed-ended questions. Secondary data sources will include materials such as business periodicals and productivity records. Moreover, to comprehend the situation as it naturally occurs at A. A. Turki Group, I will observe events on top of getting clarifications from responden ts. Surveys and observations will provide firsthand information devoid of issues such as biases and deceptions. Opinions from different theoretical thinkers will be incorporated to offer an enhanced comprehension of nature of stress, primary grounds, as well as the influence it has on employees' productivity. Examples of authors am looking forward to utilizing their theoretical works include Robbins (2004), Bowing and Harvey (2001), Blumenthal (2003), among others. Robbins, for instance, provides the readers of his material with a well-thought out explanation of what stress is and how it is manifested in people's performance. He refers to stress as a dynamic situation in which a person encounters an opportunity, obstacle, or demand concomitant to what he or she yearns and the consequences is perceived to both critical and uncertain. On the other hand, Bowing and Harvey (2001), describe stress as a condition which takes place after an interaction between a persons mental and physical conditions. Stress, according to them is caused by stressors or occurrences which generate a condition of imbala nce inside a person. Blumenthal (2003) looks at this element as everything which affronts the ability of individuals to sustain crucial variables which can be biological, societal, or psychic in nature. These and other resourceful materials will be used to reinforce the conclusions derived from the study. References Blumenthal, I. (2003). Services SETA. Employee Assistance Conference Programme. 2 (2). p5-21. Bowin, R.B. Harvey D. (2001). Human Resource Management an Experiential Approach. 2nd Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Robbins, S.P. (2004). Organization Behaviour. 11th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.